Earth observation (EO) is the process of collecting data about Earth's natural systems, such as its physical, chemical, and living parts. This can be done using tools that sense from a distance, like Earth observation satellites, or through tools that make direct contact, such as those placed on the ground or in the air (like weather stations and weather balloons).
According to the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), Earth observation includes both data collected from space or through remote sensing and data gathered directly on Earth. This process helps scientists monitor and understand changes in natural and human-made environments.
Terminology
In Europe, Earth observation often refers to using satellites to gather information about Earth, but it can also include other ways of observing Earth, such as using sensors on the ground or in airplanes. The GEO, which includes more than 100 countries and over 100 organizations, uses Earth observation in this wider meaning.
In the United States, the term "remote sensing" has been used since the 1960s to describe using satellites to gather information. It has also been used more broadly to describe using any type of remote sensing technology, such as sensors on airplanes or even cameras on the ground. The clearest term for describing sensors on satellites is "satellite remote sensing," which is an acronym that is becoming more common in scientific writing.
Types
Earth observations may include:
- measurements such as temperature, wind speed, ocean wave height, height above sea level, and earthquake activity using tools such as thermometers, wind gauges, ocean buoys, altimeters, and seismometers
- pictures and images from radar or sonar taken using equipment on the ground or in the ocean
- pictures and radar images from satellites that collect data from far away
- tools that help make decisions using information from maps and models
Applications
Earth observations include many different parts and can be used for many different purposes. Some specific ways Earth observations are used include:
- predicting weather
- studying changes in plant and animal life
- measuring how land is used, like when forests are cut down
- watching for and dealing with natural disasters like fires, floods, earthquakes, landslides, when land sinks, and tsunamis
- managing resources like energy, water, and farming
- helping to prevent and manage new diseases and health problems
- helping to predict, prepare for, and reduce the effects of climate change
Trends
The quality and amount of Earth observations are increasing quickly. Along with the continuing launch of new remote-sensing satellites, more advanced instruments placed on the ground, balloons, airplanes, and in rivers, lakes, and oceans are creating more complete, almost real-time observations.
In 2017, Earth observation became more advanced in technology. It also became more important because of the large effect modern human civilization has on the world and the need to reduce negative effects, such as geohazards. Observations also offer chances to improve social and economic well-being.