Green gross domestic product

The green gross domestic product (green GDP or GGDP) is a measure of a country’s economic growth that includes the environmental effects of that growth in its regular GDP. Green GDP calculates the cost of losing biodiversity and the expenses caused by climate change. Some environmental experts prefer using physical measures, such as “waste per person” or “carbon dioxide emissions per year,” which can be combined into larger measures like the “Sustainable Development Index.”

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Natural capital

Natural capital refers to the Earth’s supply of natural resources, such as rocks, soil, air, water, and all living things. Some of these resources provide people with free benefits, known as ecosystem services. These resources support our economy and society, making human life possible.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the many ways that people benefit from nature. The living and non-living parts of the environment provide important services, such as helping plants grow by pollinating them, keeping air and water clean, breaking down waste, and controlling floods. These services are essential for people’s health and happiness.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the many benefits that people get from ecosystems. The living and non-living parts of nature work together to provide things like pollinating crops, keeping air and water clean, breaking down waste, and controlling floods. These services are important for people’s health and happiness.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the different benefits that people get from ecosystems. The connected living and non-living parts of nature provide advantages like pollinating crops, keeping air and water clean, breaking down waste, and controlling floods. These services are important for human health.

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Ecosystem service

Ecosystem services are the different benefits that people get from ecosystems. The living and non-living parts of the natural environment provide advantages such as pollinating crops, keeping air and water clean, breaking down waste, and controlling floods. These services are important for human health and happiness.

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Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) is an important study about how humans affect the environment. It was requested by United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2000, started in 2001, and completed in 2005 with more than $14 million in funding. The study introduced the term “ecosystem services,” which describes the ways ecosystems help people.

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Paul R. Ehrlich

Paul Ralph Ehrlich (May 29, 1932 – March 13, 2026) was an American scientist, writer, and environmental advocate who warned about the effects of population growth, such as food shortages and the use up of natural resources. He was the Bing Professor in the Department of Biology at Stanford University. He began working at Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve in 1959.

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World3

The World3 model is a tool used to study how population, industry, food production, and Earth’s natural limits interact. It was first created by a group called the Club of Rome, which also wrote the book The Limits to Growth in 1972. Dennis Meadows, the project leader, and 16 other researchers developed the model.

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The Limits to Growth

The Limits to Growth (LTG) is a 1972 report that examined how quickly the world’s economy and population could grow if Earth’s resources were limited. The study used a computer model called World3 to show how human activities and Earth’s systems might interact. The report was created by the Club of Rome and first shared at international meetings in Moscow and Rio de Janeiro in 1971.

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