The Bonn Challenge is a worldwide plan to restore 150 million hectares of damaged or lost forests and lands by 2020 and 350 million hectares by 2030. It was started by Germany and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in Bonn on September 2, 2011. This effort works with the Global Partnership on Forest/Landscape Restoration and aims to meet goals from the Rio Conventions and other results of the 1992 Earth Summit. By 2013, over 20 million hectares of land had been promised for restoration by countries such as Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Rwanda, and the United States. South Korea, Costa Rica, Pakistan, China, Rwanda, and Brazil have successfully started programs to restore landscapes.

The IUCN estimates that reaching the Bonn Challenge's goals would provide about $84 billion in yearly benefits, which could help improve income for people in rural areas. It is also expected that meeting the challenge would reduce current carbon dioxide emissions by 11-17%. Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa pledge is special because it was the first sub-national promise, the first fully completed pledge, and the first pledge that was later increased. The "Billion Tree Tsunami" is a project that supports this effort.

The Bonn Challenge will help with economic security, water security, food security, and climate change. Restoring landscapes through the Bonn Challenge supports international efforts to fight climate change. Restoring 150 million hectares of damaged or lost lands by 2020 would help absorb 1 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, reducing the current emission gap by 20%.

The African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative is part of the Bonn Challenge and aims to restore 100 million hectares by 2030. Twenty-eight African countries have committed to restoring 113 million hectares in total. Ethiopia has pledged the largest single amount, 1 million hectares. In May 2019, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed announced that the country planned to plant 4 billion trees in 2019 alone.